Text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Text examination - Essay Example Shockingly very little exertion on the depiction of the Africans Americans in the TV has been embraced (Campbell 11). Transporting and isolation have been the early types of bigotry related with the U.S. news throwing; these issues could fuel the whites to racial bias of the African Americans (Campbell 12). The writer has composed that Africans Americans were ordinarily connected with neediness. They were over spoken to poor as indicated by the substance examination of the creator (Campbell 12). By this investigation of them been poor in the news TVs, Africans Americans could likewise bear issues related with neediness, for example, sluggishness and the under perception of the government assistance help (Campbell 13). Entman did an investigation on this issue whereby his outcomes demonstrated that Africans Americans introduction happened to a great extent as wrongdoing casualties (Campbell 14). Africans Americans were bound to show up in wrongdoing destinations and as culprits in medicate issues on the vast majority of the neighborhood news (Campbell 14). Another perception was that the Africans Americans political intrigue was typically restricted in the news introduction (Campbell 15). This propagation required the Africans Americans to speak more loudly to so as their hearing could happen (Campbell 15). The creator is showing how generalizations, organize news, and present day prejudice identify with each other (Campbell 16). As indicated by this documentation, Africans Americans are normally connected with the jobs, for example, uproarious government officials, crooks and poor residents on the updates on a nearby system. The expansion in present day bigotry prompts three segments (Campbell 16). First is the protection from the political requests of the African Americans, furthermore is the general antagonistic vibe that is depicted genuinely towards the Africans Americans, in conclusion is the faith in the passing of prejudice and that the racial segregation no longer restrains the accomplishment of the African Americans (Campbell 17). As per the creator, African

The Story of an Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Story of an Hour - Essay Example He later educated - Josephine-Mrs. Mallard’s sister. She is currently entrusted with the obligation to advise her weak sister that her dearest spouse died in the disastrous mishap. This more likely than not been a massive errand since it was difficult to break such news to her sister and she didn't have the foggiest idea how to do it without causing more damage than the circumstance had just introduced. A great many musings more likely than not been confounding Josephine’s mind. She probably thought about how her sister will take the news, the impact the news would have on her heart. She even thought about consider the possibility that she broke the news and her sister couldn't take it that she additionally kicks the bucket. The sort of difficulty that Josephine experienced was difficult yet in addition expected her to be solid for her sister. Her falling into a lamenting state of mind was impossible since she was to be her sister’s column during such difficult o ccasions. When Josephine at long last breaks the news to Mrs. Mallard, she is blasted by sorrow and she cries at her sisters’ arm. She is enormously influenced by the loss of her significant other. At the point when she was unable to take it any longer, she went into her room and bolted herself. Mary Chopin clarifies the degree of the misery when she says â€Å"She sat with her head tossed back upon the pad of the seat, very unmoving, aside from when a cry came up into her throat and shook her, as a kid who has wept late into the night keeps on crying in its dreams† (The Story of an Hour, 476). The composing plainly delineates the degree of the sadness. Securing herself her and closing every other person out shows how right now she saw her reality finishing because of the loss of her significant other. She was as yet youthful but then at this young age endures such an extraordinary blow. This disengagement more likely than not stressed the sister too. As much as she needed to give, her space to lament she likewise needed to be close by and comfort her. This stressed Josephine that she proceeded to thump at the entryway of Mrs. Mallard’s room

New Student Series Part 7 Ximena Mata COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Series Part 7 Ximena Mata COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog For Part 7  of our series, meet Ximena Mata Zenteno.  Ximena  is a driven young woman, whos currently working at the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations, and has learned how to use sports as a tool for development and peace, she says.  She  hopes to instill a love of sports and develop  strong sports-related policies in her community in Puebla, Mexico after graduating from SIPA. Full Name: Ximena Mata Zenteno Program:   Master of Public Administration Concentration:  Economic and Political Development Specialization: International Organization UN Studies Anticipated Graduation Year: 2017 Hometown: Puebla, Mexico Undergraduate university, major and graduation year: Universidad de las Americas Puebla UDLAP. Puebla, Mexico. BA in International Law 2013 What’s your professional background? I started practicing Taekwondo at the age of 5. As a young woman from a developing country, Taekwondo empowered me to stand out in an unequal society through a discipline once considered for men. Sports conferred me the honor of representing my country in international competitions, and allowed me to study Law with a full scholarship offered by the University. At the age of 21, in the middle of my undergraduate studies, I was appointed Director General of the Municipal Sports Institute of Puebla; it was a 1.6 million people city when the Major entrusted me such responsibility. As a public official, I saw first-hand how sports transformed other people’s lives too. Thanks to the programs my team and I developed in Puebla, we influenced more than half of the city’s population. Moreover, I lead organization of the World Taekwondo Championships for the first time in Mexico. After completing my Law studies and my tenure at the Sports Institute, I joined the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations. At the UN, I have increased my understanding of sport as a tool for development and peace, and I have learned more about the world conflicts by covering the works of the Security Council. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I applied to SIPA to strengthen my professional experience in Public Administration, to better understand the problems that the developing world faces in matters of human development, and to acquire a powerful toolkit to promote effective solutions.   What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I cried. When I received the “Your Decision is Ready” email, my heartbeat started to accelerate.   I immediately called my boyfriend through FaceTime, he was my strongest supporter in the process, and we both waited for the link to show the final decision. When I saw the virtual confetti and read the “congratulations” word, I started to cry and that is when we both knew I was admitted. I called my parents and my siblings to share the joy, and even when the crying made it difficult to speak, they were as excited as I was with the news. Why did you say yes to SIPA? I said yes to SIPA because SIPA said yes to me. I have always dreamed of studying at  such a wonderful university, and I am glad that Columbia gave me the chance of being part of its community. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I believe that SIPA is the place where I can strengthen my economic and quantitative skills, enhance my policy-analysis capabilities and acquire an education based in real-world problems and solutions.  In addition to  the academic aspects, I look forward to meeting extraordinary people, committed to make a positive difference in the world. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? No. I am thrilled to begin with this experience! Photo courtesy of Ximena Mata Zenteno. What are your goals after SIPA? I want to go back to Mexico, where I plan to design and implement sports policies focused on three areas: 1) Crime Prevention, by involving children and youth in organized sports rather than in organized crime; 2) Health Improvement, by helping people introduce sports in their lifestyles; and 3) Educational Level Increase, by encouraging athletes to pursue higher educational standards, without compromising their sports goals. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? When I was in the Taekwondo National Team, I dreamed of representing my country at the Olympic Games. Sadly, I had to choose between the National Team and University (UDLAP) because it was not possible to pursue both at the same time. I aimed for a high-quality education and therefore chose University, compromising my Olympic dream. I wish that future athletes would not have to choose between these two paths anymore. Instead, they ought to be encouraged to pair their sports goals with their professional careers to attain a balanced development. This is the cause I am fighting for. Tell us something interesting about yourself: I still practice taekwondo! I want to keep training and participating in competitions as long as my body allows it. I also love writing. When I was 20, I wrote an autobiography that was published a year later. In 2014, I traveled around the world in 80 days (yes, as Jules Verne’s book), visiting 20 countries and 40 cities, and it was one of the greatest experiences in my life! If youd like to participate in the series, please email us at sipa_new@columbia.edu  to share your personal admissions story,  what your summer vacation will entail/did entail, or anything else you think your peers would enjoy reading about! You may submit a blog post of your choosing, or submit the  New Student Survey with pre-populated questions to get you started. And don’t forget  to submit  a photo or two to help us visualize your story!

Where Do Fruit Flies Come From

Have you ever found your kitchen teeming with fruit flies that seemed to have appeared out of nowhere? These tiny nuisances can quickly multiply in number, and they are tough to get rid of once they arrive. So, how did these fruit flies end up in your kitchen? Heres a hint: It isnt a case of spontaneous generation. Fruit Flies Follow Fermenting Fruit What we consider fruit flies includes a number of small flies in the family Drosophilidae, such as the species Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly) and Drosophila suzukii (the Asian fruit fly). These insects are very small—about two to four millimeters long—and vary in color from yellow to brown to black. They are found throughout the world but are most common in tropical areas with humid climates. Fruit flies are built to find fermenting fruit. Though small, they can detect the smell of ripe fruits and vegetables from a good distance away; if theres a bowl of fruit on your kitchen counter, theres probably a fruit fly or two looking for a way into your home to get to it. Because these insects are so tiny, they can get in through window screens or crevices around windows or doors. Once inside, they lay eggs on the skin of very ripe or fermenting fruit. They reproduce, and before you know it, youve got yourself a full-fledged fruit fly infestation. Sometimes, fruit flies hitch a ride into your home on fruits or vegetables. Yes, those bananas you brought home from the grocery store may already harbor a new generation of fruit flies. If you let your tomatoes over ripen on the vine before picking them, you may be harvesting fruit fly eggs along with your crop. All unrefrigerated fruit, whether its on display at the grocery store, still in the garden, or sitting in a bowl on your kitchen table, may attract fruit flies. 1:22 Watch Now: Where Fruit Flies Come From (and How to Get Rid of Them) How a Few Fruit Flies Quickly Becomes  an Infestation Fruit flies have notoriously fast life cycles; they can go from egg to adult in just eight days. That means that one overly ripe tomato left unused on your counter can give rise to a small fruit fly swarm within a week. Fruit flies are also known for their persistence once indoors.  Although a female fruit fly adult will only live about a month at best, she can lay 500 eggs in that short time.  The insects dont even need fruit to keep reproducing. Fruit flies can breed in the slime layer inside slow-draining plumbing or on an old, sour mop or sponge. This is why even if you get rid of all your fruit, you can still find your home infested with fruit flies. Get Rid of Fruit Flies for Good To extinguish a fruit fly infestation, youll need to eliminate all possible food sources and make your home inhospitable to breeding adult fruit flies.  One of the best ways to catch breeding adults quickly is to make  a vinegar trap. Other tips and tricks for getting rid of fruit flies include throwing out old fruits and vegetables, cleaning recycling bins and trash cans, and replacing old sponges and rags. A thorough cleaning will ensure that your kitchen is free of anything that might attract these pests.

Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine - 1094 Words

Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine Introduction When it comes to the Guatemalan syphilis experiment and the Tuskegee experiment both were two unique experiments. Recently, the United States apologized last year for the experiment, done in Tuskegee which was meant to test the drug penicillin. However, Two years before that, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius made an apology for the experiment conducted in Guatemala. With that said, the researcher rejects the case that a utilitarian could make the case that the Guatemalan syphilis study was more ethically defensible than the Tuskegee study, because the Guatemalan study had greater potential to lead to useful medical knowledge that could save many lives, while the Tuskegee study did not have any such potential (Bonnie Steinbock, 2005). I believe that neither experiment was for medical knowledge or served and medicinal purpose and that What is a Utilitarian? Basically, in defining the perspective of a utilitarian focuses on the concerns that actions or policies could possibly have on the good fortune (utility) of all persons directly or indirectly affected by the policy or action. The standard makes the following point: Of any two actions, the most ethical one will produce the greatest balance of benefits over harms. (Bonnie Steinbock, 2005) Many would probably look at it as a way of taking advantage of happiness and plummeting suffering The Tuskegee Study The Tuskegee Syphilis StudyShow MoreRelatedThe Hippocratic Oath Of Modern Medicine892 Words   |  4 Pagesfield of medicine, having been established more than 2,400 years ago (Hulkower 41). It can also be termed as the most popular. The oath has been classified into classical and modern versions today, but still bears a lot of significance to medical students and practitioners. Written in antiquity, the principles of the Oath are held as sacred by physicians to date. The Hippocratic Oath is credited to Hippocrates, a Greek physician of the 5th century B.C., who is also known as the father of Modern medicineRead MoreEthical Issues Facing The Healthcare Industry905 Words   |  4 Pageswill highlight some key ethical issues facing the healthcare industry as a whole, as well as hospice agencies specifically. In this program, I will reference ethical principles used today as well as reference historical ethicists and philosophers that backup the items outlined in this ethics program. There are two major topics to be discussed. The first will be how to treat patients that are at the end of their life, which includes their loved ones as well. A specific issue to be addressed in termsRead MoreThe Ethics of Reductionism in the Medical Sciences1558 Words   |  7 Pagessocial and economic atmosphere) are also critical in obtaining a fully developed scope of medical understanding (Lloyd, 2002). 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The benefits andRead MorePrinciples Of The Ethical Practice Of Public Health Services830 Words   |  4 Pagesthese Ethical Codes of Conduct establish an important role in regards to maintaining medical professionalism, these standards of practice also establish the boundaries and guidelines to how each patient receives individual care or treatment. There are many documents created for specific types of medical professions, yet their overall concepts and ideas remain the same. For example, â€Å"Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health† states a generalized summary of topics towards ethical approachesRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Medical Field947 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete apathy and empathy towards patients. â€Å"Nothing is more indispensable to ethics and, at the same time, more detrimental to the ethical quality of a decision than an emotion.†[] What are the advantages and disadvantages of an emotional response? Should doctors use emotions? 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Antonio Lopez Free Essays

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born on March 21, 1794 in Jalapa, Vera Cruz and died in 1876, in Mexico City. Santa Anna had started in the military in 1810 as a cadet at the age of 16, and was promoted to Brigadier General in 1822. In 1828 Santa Anna became the governor of Vera Cruz. We will write a custom essay sample on Antonio Lopez or any similar topic only for you Order Now He became governor again in Vera Cruz in the year 1829. Then in 1833 he was elected the president of Mexico. Santa Anna led the Mexican attack on the Alamo in Texas in the year 1835. Santa Anna eventually captured the Alamo. The Texans recorded 257 deaths and the Mexican Army had between 400-600 deaths. Later on his carelessness in the end allowed Sam Houston to win the battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna was able to gain back his authority when the French invaded Vera Cruz in 1838. He was considered a hero after he had many horses shot from underneath him and lost half of his left leg. In 1842 he arranged ceremony to find his foot and parade it in Mexico City and placed it as a monument for everyone to see. Santa Anna fought in the Mexican War and sold land to the United States called the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. In 1854 a young officer named Bonito Juarez banned Santa Anna from Mexico for ten years and Santa Anna later returned before his death. He was driven out of Mexico for having too much power and control over the country. He later returned to Mexico in 1867. He once again tried to regain more power in 1867. Before he could he was taken prisoner and condemned to the firing squad. Instead he and his family were exiled out of Mexico. He then returned to Mexico in 1874 and then died two years later at the age of 82. Santa Anna was significant to the Spanish world because he believed and fought for his country. He was also important to the Spanish world because he was a dictator of Mexico for many years. He served in the military, was president eleven times of Mexico, and was the governor of Vera Cruz twice. Santa Anna was also important because he was forced to give land to the United States called the Gadsden Purchase. He led the Mexican army to attack the Alamo and was also the leader in that battle. He had defeated many armies and leaders when he was serving in the military. Santa Anna was in the military for most of his life. All these things are important about Santa Anna and are important to the Spanish world. He was very important and no one will ever forget the famous Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and what he did. I think Santa Anna was a pretty brave man because he went through all of those battles for his country, had lost his leg, and was imprisoned in Sisal, Yucatan. I also think Santa Anna wanted way too much power because he kept trying to take over the military and the country. Also I think he deserved to be banned from the country for ten years because he was trying to get to much power. I think Santa Anna had a pretty unique life because he was president of Mexico, he was governor of Vera Cruz, and was high ranked in the military. I think Santa Anna did some weird things because he had set up a ceremony to find his lost leg and had set it up on a monument for everyone to see it and admire it. I think it was nice that his wife wanted to be buried with him before she died because that shows that his wife really cared about him. I have learned many things about Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna as in what he did and how he lived. He was one of the most famous Spanish people and I enjoyed learning about him. How to cite Antonio Lopez, Essay examples

Plasticity in web design in the spider Parawixia bistriata a response to variable prey type Essay Example For Students

Plasticity in web design in the spider Parawixia bistriata: a response to variable prey type Essay Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism or genotype to express an alternative morphology, phys iology or behaviour in response to environmental stimuli (Schlichting 1986). Plasticity is a trait in itself, subjected to natural selection and evolutionary change (Bradshaw 1965) Foraging strategies of gen- eralist predators am Ã'‡Ð °Ã ³Ã'Æ' from n single generalized strategy to a repertoire of very specialized strategies. Plasticity in foraging strategies should be favoured if specialized strategics are levs efficient in capturing the different prey types than generalized ones. Orb weaving spiders are usually considered generalist predators but there is no Ð µÃ'‡ ideiKe that they can alter their webs in response to different types of prey Although within-spccics variation in web design has been well documented, it has been attributed to fac tors other than prey capture, such as restricted space for the web. wind, rain or starvation (Craig 1989: sev eral examples cited in F.berhard 1990 and Hcnschcl Lubin 1990). How should web design vary with prey type? To maximize the probability that prey will be captured when a limited amount of silk is produced, a web should have the largest area that does not compromise the efficiency of contact between sveb and insect; this is achieved when the mesh size equals the jirey sic. For the same amount of silk, a smaller web with finer mesh may be required to stop and retain a heavy or fast-flying prey without it breaking through the web (F.bcrtiard 1990) (the words stopping’ and ‘retention’ arc used as defined in the review by F.bcrh «rd 1990 meaning the absorption of the prey energy and the adhesion of the prey until the spider arrises, respec tively ». This is because the kinetic energy of the prey is a positive function of its mass and velocity. Thus, a spiders capture success may depend on the size (area or standard length), weight and Hying speed of llie prcv. Evidence from comparaiive studies suggests that some nocturnal spider s that capture heavy, fast flying prey have webs of relatively narrow mesh (Fbcrhard 1986) but in general, web design is not considered to be fmc-luncd to specific prey types (F.berhard 1990). A Brazilian colonial spider Parawixia bistrkihi Rengger 1936 (Arancidac) has been observed spin ning two distinct types of webs which differed in size and architecture. The question is, can these differ ences be attributed to sanation in prey type avail ability? Parawixia bistrxata is a colonial orb-weaving spider commonly found in cerrado (savanna) vegeta tion in South America. Its life cycle is univoltinc and dcs-clopnirnt within the colony and the population as   a whole is synchronous (Gorgonio 1978: Gobbi 1979; Sandoval 1987; Fowler Gobbi 1988). Spidcrlings from lbe second to fifth instars typically feed during sunset; after the fifth instar spiders feed only at night, For both activity periods, all member » of each colony spin their individual orb webs simultaneously, term ing a large net of linked orb-wchs. At the end of the feeding period, each spider ingests its own web and retreats to a communal aggregation until the next day (Gobbi 1979; Sandovul 1987). Unusual webs were occasionally spun during the day: their occurrence was temporally correlated with local termite swarms. These daytime’ webs were observed every Septem ber. during a 3-year study of the foraging and social behaviour of P. bistriata Here, die temporal and mor phological characteristics of webs and prey observed at sunset and daytime are compared. Outline1 Materials and methods2 Results3 WEB DESIGNS Materials and methods This study was conducted over 5ha of undisturbed habitat (cerrado vegetation) of P. bistriaia in Itira pina. Siio Paulo, Brazil. The occurrence of each web type of II colonics in .September 1984 and five colonies in September 1985 was counted over several days. These web types were easily distinguished (sec Fig. I). To quantify differences between web types, detailed measurements of web dimensions were taken from randomly selected webs of oik colony in 1986 because, in this colony, all individuals spun sunset webs and most of them also spun daytime webs the following day. Ibis indicates that both web types were spun by the same individuals within a short time period, litis procedure was necessary a » individuals were nor marked because previous attempts had   shown that marked individuals may not spin webs the next day. Furthermore, if a different number of spi ders spun w ebs on different days, the cause of change in web design could be attributed to variation in space available for web building. From the webs of this colony web and hub diameters were measured, and the spiral and rndii numbers of 10 randomly chosen webs spun at sunset were counted (see Table 2 for definition of web characteristics. .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .postImageUrl , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:visited , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:active { border:0!important; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:active , .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527 .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e7630ee3bfe6636054e5750b9267527:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Total Physical Response EssayThese measure ments were repeated the next day when the spiders built daytime webs. From these data, die mean mesh size was calculated, defined here as the mean distance between two spiral turns. To calculate mesh size, the web radii minus the hub radii was divided by the number of spiral turns, The total length of silk used per web was calculated by adding the length of all spirals and radii. The size of insects captured was observed and recorded in five colonics (three colonics in 1984 and two colonies in 19851 at sunset, when one of the web types was spun daily. The length and width of the prey trapped in an area of 1 m2 dial comprised sever al webs, during a period of 30 min was measured All the prey captured in daytime webs of three colonics in 1984 were recorded immediately after termites hÐ µd swan nod. Available prey (flying insects) were sampled with standard sticky traps. Three 40 x 40cm clear plastic sheets coated with polybutanc (an odourless, trans- parent substance i were attached to a pole at heights of 0 5 m. 15 m and 2-5 m. This was the height range where the spiders normally spun their webs. Sticky trap » were about 5 m away from the colony from which web dimensions and observations of prey cap- ture were recorded All the insects were collected from the traps after six I h intervals to estimate diurnal variation in flight activity of prey (from 6.Ð ¨ to 20 00 h). This procedure was necessary because preliminary sampling had indicated that the availability of different prey types changed rapidly throughout the day. Trapping was repeated on 4 separate days: 3 days in 1984 (27 September, termite swarms p resent; 24 and 25 October, termites not present) and I day in 1985 (28 September, termites not prescru). To evaluate the effectiveness of tlic two web types in trapping prey of different sizes the size of prey cap- tured by the webs was compared with the size of those prey caught by sticky traps using a Kolmogorov- Smimov test. Only die samples and obsersations that were taken simultaneously were used for these com- parisons Results MIL OF FORAGING ACTIVITY OF SPIDERS AND THEIR PREY Of the II colonics whose sumct webs were counted (90-800 individuals, mean  ±SL = 290012150).  Ã‚  Only one colony contained some individuals that did not construct webs. Thus. 92-5% of all spiders observed in September 1984 and 1985 during sunset constructed sunset webs In these colonies, sunset web building began between 16.00 and I7.00h . Sunset occurred at approximately 18 00h The time of foraging activity at sunset coincided with the lime that small prey were most abundant The periodicity of flight activity of these prey was very predictable and varied little between days . In comrast. daytime webs were spun at variable times, always around the peak of termite swarms; usually within 30 mm before or after the termite swarm began (Table II. The variation in time of web-spin ning activity was not owing to variation in age or m/Ã'  of spiders as different colonies of P. bistiiaia have synchronous development (Sandoval 1987) All ter mite swarms observed occurred during rain Unlike the small (lies, termites had variable periodicity of flight activity. Nonetheless, the spiders were able to track their availability over time The two types of webs were never observed to occur simultaneously and daytime webs were ingested before the sunset webs were spun. Termites were never observed dur ing sunset and daytime webs were never observed in the absence of termite swarms. WEB DESIGNS Daytime and sunset webs differed significantly in a number of key dimensions in tlic colony studied and could easily be distinguished by eye. The mesh size of daytime webs was. on average, three times larger than sunset webs (Fig. I. Table 2). Mesh enlargement resulted from both an 82% increase in web diameter and a 57% decrease in the number of spiral turns. Tlvcic was no overlap in these dimensions for the two web types The amount of silk did not differ between the two web types (Table 2). Because the number of radii and spirals were smaller and the area was larger in daytime webs than in sunset webs, then, all else being equal, daytime webs were probably weaker for stopping prey. Although web measurements were taken from a single colony, the dimorphism in mesh si/c and diameter was observed m 10 other colonies (Table 11. Ibis dimorphism was not a result of varia tion in sie, age or individual variation in behaviour within colonics because the development within colonies was extrem ely synchronous (Sandoval 1987)   and all individuals spun their webs at both activity periods when webs were measured Furthermore, daytime webs wen; unique to day activity and sunset webs were unique to sunset activity. Thus, it is clear that web dimorphism ill P. bixtriata is the result of plasticity in the web building behaviour of each indi vidual. .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .postImageUrl , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:visited , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:active { border:0!important; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:active , .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8 .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5a76689021286c0a2cd7e92334839f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Does Shakespeare's Presentation Of Shylock Affect Our Response To The Character Essay

Abolitionists Essays - American Slaves, Anglican Saints,

Abolitionists Strategies of Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown Abolitionist Movement was a reform movement during the 18th and 19th centuries. Often called the antislavery movement, it sought to end the enslavement of Africans and people of African descent in Europe, the Americas, and Africa itself. It also aimed to end the Atlantic slave trade carried out in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Many people participated in trying to end slavery. These people became known as the abolitionists. The three well-known abolitionists are Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown. Sojourner Truth (1797-1883), born into slavery as Isabella, was an American abolitionist and an advocate of women's rights. She joined the abolitionist movement and became a travelling preacher. She took her new name-Sojourner Truth-in 1843 and began preaching along the eastern seaboard. Her strategy consisted of walking through Long Island and Connecticut, speaking to people about her life and her relationship with God. She was a powerful speaker and singer. When she rose to speak, wrote one observer, her commanding figure and dignified manner hushed every trifler to silence. Audiences were melted into tears by her touching stories. She traveled and spoke widely. Encountering the women's rights movement in 1850, Truth added its causes to hers. She is particularly remembered for the famous Ain't I a Woman? speech she gave at the woman's rights convention in 1851. Although Truth never learned to read or write, she dictated her memoirs to Olive Gilbert and they were published in 1850s as The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave. This book, and her presence as a speaker, made her a sought-after figure on the anti-slavery woman's rights lecture circuit. Harriet Tubman was closely associated with Abolitionist John Brown and was well acquainted with other abolitionists, including Frederick Douglas, Jermain Loguen, and Gerrit Smith. After freeing herself from slavery, Tubman worked at various activities to save to finance her activities as a Conductor of the Underground Railroad. She is believed to have conducted approximately 300 persons to freedom in the North. The tales of her exploits reveal her highly spiritual nature, as well as a grim determination to protect her charges and those who aided them. Her strategy was to show confidence to the people she was responsible for. Like Truth, she used words to influence others. She always expressed confidence that God would aid her efforts, and threatened to shoot any of her charges who thought to turn back. For example, Tubman had a very short rule, which implied death to anyone who talked of giving out and going back. She would give all to understand that times were very critical and the refore no foolishness would be indulged in on the road. Her subjects were greatly invigorated by Harriet's blunt and positive manner and threat of extreme measures. When William Still published The Underground Railroad in 1871, he included a letter from Thomas Garret, the Stationmaster of Wilmington Delaware. In this letter, Garret describes Tubman as Moses. He success was wonderful. Time and time again she made successful visits to Maryland on the Underground Railroad, and would be absent for weeks at a time, running daily risks while making preparations for herself and her passengers. Great fears were entertained for her safety, but she seemed wholly devoid of personal fear?she would not suffer one of her party to whimper once, about giving out and going back, however wearied they might be by the hard travel day and night. John Brown was an American abolitionist, born in Connecticut and raised in Ohio. Unlike Truth and Hubman's peaceful strategies, he felt passionately and violently that he must fight to end slavery. The success of the pro-slavery forces, especially their lack of Lawrence, aroused Brown, and in order to cause a restraining fear he, with four of his sons and two other men, led the murder of five pro-slavery men on the banks of the Pottawatomie River. He stated that he was an instrument in the hand of God. His exploits as a leader of an antislavery bank received wide publicity, especially in abolitionist journals, and as Old Brown of Osawatomie he became nationally known. Brown did not end there. In October 1856, Brown

Dell Jit Essays

Dell Jit Essays Dell Jit Paper Dell Jit Paper Dell – Supply Chain Management Case Study 1 Case Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Dell – Company Overview . 2 3. Dell Products and Services .. 3 4. Dell – Key Facts . 4 5. Dell Timeline. 6. Dell – Business Segment Information.. 6 7. Dell’s Evolving Supply Chain Strategy. 7 7. 1. Typical Working of Dell’s Supply Chain .. 7 7. 2. Five key strategies in Dell’s successful Direct Model .. 7 7. 3. A supply chain with old technology is of little value .. 8 8. Restructuring at Dell . 8. 1. New Distribution Channels – Direct Model and Retail Strategy .. 8 9. Integrating the Supply Chain . 9 This case study covers the following issues: 1. Examine and analyze Dell’s Direct model, its basic working, success and future challenges 2. Typical Working of Dell’s Supply Chain and future supply chain challenges 3. Highlights Dell’s evolving Supply Chain practices and strategy and steps being taken by it to recapture its lost market leader position Case Study Keywords: Dell, Direct model, Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain Strategies, Build-to-order model, Inventory optimization, PC Manufacturing, Retail Distribution Channel, HP, Notebook computers, Desktop personal computers, Competitive Business Strategies, Sustaining competitive advantage, Michael Dell 1 Please note: This case study was compiled from published sources, and is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion. Accuracy of information cannot be guaranteed. Please do not copy without permission.  © casestudyinc. com 2008 1. Introduction Dell thinks about their offerings as microprocessors, disk drives and frames-per-second graphics. But consumers just want a computer they can be proud of when they show it to their friends, listen to music, watch videos and do office work† Christian Terwiesch, a Wharton professor Dell has been following its unique ‘direct build-to-order’ sales model for more than 20 years. Customers can plan their own configuration and place orders directly with the company via the phone or its Web site. Over the years, Dell’s supply chain efficiencies and direct sales gave it a competitive advantage. In 2006 however, Dell faced several problems. Many customers complained about long delays in supplies. Recall of Sony battery cells in its laptops brought undesirable media hype to the company. Increasing discontent of customers led to a slowdown in sales. Consequently, Dell lost its market leadership to HewlettPackard Co. (HP). Industry analysts felt that, with Dells competitors also improving their supply chains and matching Dells direct model, the company had been losing its competitive edge. Dell will have to bear additional costs with its foray into retail distribution thereby minimizing its cost advantage. Besides, profit margins of Dell will drop further since it will have to offer incentives to compete with HP in retail stores. Though Dell spruced up its product design and range but Apple is clearly far ahead of it. Many experts feel that such new initiatives will only distract Dell from its supply chain operations. 2. Dell – Company Overview Dell is a leading technology company, offering a wide range of computer product categories. Its product categories include: desktop computer systems, mobility products (notebooks), servers, storage, software and peripherals, and services. Dell is the number one supplier of personal computers in the United States, and the number two supplier worldwide. Dell also offers various financing alternatives, asset management services, and other customer financial services. Dell has manufacturing locations worldwide. Dell’s build-to-order manufacturing model allows it to substantially reduce costs and at the same time offering customers the ability to customize their product purchases. 3. Dell Products and Services Product Lines and Brands Desktop PCs OptiPlex Dimension XPS Alienware Vostro Servers and Networking PowerEdge and PowerConnect Storage Dell | EMC and Dell PowerVault Mobility XPStm and Alienware, Inspiron and Latitude lines of notebook computers Software and Peripherals Dell branded Printers, software titles, televisions, notebook accessories, networking and wireless products, digital cameras, power adapters, scanners, and other products Enhanced Services Infrastructure Consulting Services Deployment Services. Asset Recovery and Recycling Services. Training Services Enterprise Support Services Client Support services Managed Lifecycle services Financial Services Various customer financial services for business and onsumer customers in the U. S. through Dell Financial Services L. P 4. Dell – Key Facts Dell: Quick Facts Company Type Corporate Headquarters Revenues Industry Employees Manufacturing Facilities Distribution Product Lines Brands Major Competitors Business/Growth Strategy Key Executives Name, (age),Designation Website Public (NASDAQ: DELL) Round Rock, Texas $57. 4 billion (fiscal 2007) Hardware, PC Manufacturing Approximately 90,500 total employees (Fiscal 2007) Brazil - El Dorado do Sul Florida - Miami (Alienware) North Carolina - Winston-Salem Ohio - West Chester Tennessee - Lebanon and Nashville Texas - Austin Ireland - Limerick and Athlone (Alienware) China - Xiamen Malaysia - Penang Worldwide Desktop PCs Mobility products Servers and Storage Software and peripherals and Services OptiPlex Dimension XPS Dell Precision and Alienware MJ-12 ® PowerEdge Dell PowerVault Inspiron Latitude HP Acer Lenovo Direct customer model Highly efficient manufacturing and logistics, and New distribution channels to reach customers Michael S. Dell (42) Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO Donald J. Carty (61) Vice Chairman and CFO Michael R. Cannon (54) President, Global Operations Stephen J. Felice (50) Senior VP and President, Asia Pacific-Japan Mark Jarvis (44) Senior VP, Chief Marketing Officer David A. Marmonti (48) Senior VP and President, EMEA www. dell. com 5. Dell Timeline Dell Timeline 1983 Michael Dell used to upgrade IBM compatible PCs in his spare. (He was a freshman at the University of Texas, Austin) 1984 Michael Dell established PCs Ltd with sales US$ 6 million in its first full year of operations 1985 Turbo PC, first computer introduced by the company. Turbo PC was advertised in computer magazines and sold directly to customers 993 Dell joins the ranks of top-five computer system makers worldwide 1996 Dell pioneers Internet sales with earnings approx 1 million dollars per day just seven months after launch of www. dell. com 1998 The company changed its name to Dell Computer Corporation 1999 Dell introduces E-support tool to provide online technical support 2000 Online sales continue to grow to $50 millio n per day 2001 Dell achieves No. 1 ranking on global market share 2003 Dell launches Dell Recycling initiative 2004 Inventory turnover rate in Dell was at 107 times a year, compared to 8. 5 times at HP and 17. times in IBM. 2005 â€Å"America’s Most Admired Company† – Fortune Magazine 2005, 2006 Dell faced several problems, and lost its position as the largest selling PC manufacturer to HP 2007 Dell announced that it planned to move most of its global supply chain and manufacturing operations to Singapore, which would function as the companys shared headquarters 2007 Michael Cannon assumes responsibility as the Head of Global Operations Organization 2007 Michael Dell (Michael) returned as CEO on January 31, 2007 2007 Retail partnerships with Wal-Mart, Staples, Gome, Bic Camera and Carphone Warehouse 2007 Dell launches the Direct2Dell corporate blog and other idea forums to listen and engage customers 6. Dell – Business Segment Information Dell conducts operations worldwide. Dell is managed in three geographic regions: Americas Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) Asia Pacific-Japan (APJ). Major Business Segment Based in Americas Round Rock, Texas EMEA Bracknell, England APJ Singapore Covers Business sales to corporate, government, healthcare, education, and small and medium business customers U. S. Consumer sales primarily to individual consumers and selected retail partners Covers Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Covers the Asian countries of the Pacific Rim as well as Australia, New Zealand, and India 7. Dell’s Evolving Supply Chain Strategy Dell’s past performance has been the result of its direct customer model. Dell’s success is attributed to a constant focus on delivering directly to its customers, related technology and services at the best value. Dell’s operations involve highly efficient manufacturing and logistics to lower the cost of technology. 7. 1. Typical Working of Dell’s Supply Chain Dell Supply Chain works as follows: 1. Customer places an order, either by phone or through the Internet on its website . Dell processes the order in 2-3 days by evaluating financial feasibility (credit checking) and technical feasibility (technical con? guration) 3. Dell processes the order to one of its manufacturing locations 4. These plants can put together, test, and package the product in about eight hours 5. Dell typically plans to ship a ll orders no later than ? ve days after receipt 7. 2. Five key strategies in Dell’s successful Direct Model Five key strategies in Dell’s successful Direct Model Rapid time to volume Built to order products Elimination of reseller markups Superior customer service and support Low inventory and capital investment 7. 3. A supply chain with old technology is of little value The direct model involves bypassing retailers and selling personal computer systems directly to customers. This helps avoid the delays and costs of an additional stage (holding inventory) in the supply chain. Typically, each technology component loses about 0. 5 to 2 percent in a rapidly changing environment. A supply chain with old technology is of little value. Dell maintained very little inventory and concentrated on pacing its products through its supply chain. This also meant that there was no question of selling old products at a discount. 8. Restructuring at Dell Dell failed to meet its quarterly financial forecasts. Consequently, Dell lost its market leadership to Hewlett-Packard Co. (HP). In order to settle a few accounting issues, the company decided to restate its financial results for the last four years. Michael Dell had to take the CEO’s responsibility again, replacing Kevin Rollins. Michael Dell felt the importance of increasing the capacity, via the direct model, to manufacture close to its customer and fully integrate its supply chain into one global organization. To do so Dell had to innovate and adapt its supply chain model to help drive differentiated product design, manufacturing and distribution models. He began a series of restructuring exercises. 8. 1. New Distribution Channels – Direct Model and Retail Strategy While part of the restructuring involved cutting 8,000 jobs, or 10. 0% of its workforce, the biggest surprise was the move of Dell to complement its ‘direct sales model’ with sale of PCs through retailer channels as well. To reach even more customers globally, Dell launched new distribution channels to reach commercial customers and individual consumers around the world. This meant moving from a model of direct sales to making its goods available in stores across the world. This move allowed Dell to reach customers that it could not reach directly previously. From June 2007, it started placing its products in the shelves of Wal-Mart and Sams Club stores. In December 2007, Dell also announced that its Dell laptops and desktop computers will be sold through Tesco stores in Britain and Ireland as well as the high-growth eastern European markets of Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In U. S. Asia and Europe, Dell added Best Buy, WalMart, Staples, Chinas Gome Stores, Japans Bic Camera, Frances Carrefour and British phone retailer, Carphone Warehouse to sell its products at nearly 10,000 retail outlets worldwide. In December 2007, Dell also chose WPP, the worlds second-largest marketing, media and communications conglomerate after Omnicom, to create a new agency that will handle $4. 5 billion in accounts over the next three years. Dell hoped that creati ng the agency would increase the time and money spent focusing on marketing and customers rather than pitching for the next project 9. Integrating the Supply Chain Earlier, Dells manufacturing, supply chain and procurement activities functioned separately. Procurement functioned as a standalone unit, the regional business executives were in-charge of manufacturing, and supply chain was a part of the worldwide operations of the company. All Dells factories had been managed regionally, and procurement functioned as a separate division. Michael aimed to integrate its supply chain and achieve higher efficiency and quality through Global Operations Organization (GOO). GOO is Dells center for integrating its global manufacturing, procurement

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles Essay

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles - Essay Example Many of the original inhabitants died from diseases that were brought to Cuba by the arriving sailors. The first Spanish settlements were established in Cuba in 1511. This corresponds closely to the first arrival of the Spanish in the Netherlands Antilles in the early 1500s. The Spanish also contacted Barbados in 1536. Spanish conquistadors seized the Caribs on Barbados to be used as plantation slaves and by the time the British settlements arrived in the 1620s, the island was uninhabited. Within 100 years of contact by Spanish explorers, all three native populations had been eradicated or enslaved. During the 1600s, the rule of the islands changed hands from the Spanish to other European countries. Cuba remained a Spanish colony while Barbados was settled as a British colony. The Dutch captured the Netherlands Antilles in the 1600s. Under European colonial rule, all three islands experienced similar situations during the years 1600-1900. During these centuries, all three colonies exploited the sugar market. The large sugar plantations necessitated the importation of slavery. The slave labor was primarily from Africa, though Barbados imported slaves from the Celtic nations of Scotland and Ireland. Slavery was abolished in all three colonies in the middle of the 19th century. ... The descendants of the freed slaves continue to dominate the populations of these islands. Descendants of the Celts that were imported to Barbados are some of the poorest inhabitants there today. During the centuries of large sugar plantations and slavery, the islands were ruled by the monarchies of the Dutch, England, and Spain. Cuba, which had come under Spanish rule, suffered during these years from a repressive rule. Barbados and the Netherlands Antilles were under colonial rule that was less oppressive. The Spanish rule in Cuba resulted in a revolt against Spanish rule in 1898, which ultimately resulted in the Spanish-American war. During this period, Cuba ousted the Spanish and it became an American protectorate. Barbados fared better during this period, but the descendent slave population continued to live outside the mainstream political spectrum. Barbados had disenfranchised the female vote and also had an income qualification to be able to vote. Unrest at the beginning of the 20th century led to massive uprisings by the descendants of former slaves. In 1942, the income qualification was lowered and women were allowed to vote. While the English ruled Barbados was moving towards greater freedom, Cuba was inching into a series of oppressive dictatorships. Fulgencio Batista was the military leader and later President of Cuba beginning in 1933. Batista ruled a corrupt and repressive police state. During his rule, he often silenced his critics through violence, which spawned an organized opposition led by Fidel Castro. Castro's supporters were able to oust Batista in 1959 when he fled the country. At the time, Castro was seen as a pro-democracy movement and self-rule was sweeping the Caribbean nations. In 1954 the Netherlands Antilles had become an

Lincoln Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lincoln Electric - Case Study Example As the discussion stresses  one of the major contributing factors towards the success of Lincoln Electric is its flexibility. The company does not believe in maintaining an official organization chart in order to offer high flexibility. The company’s easy and less complicated policy support s employees to go to anyone whom they think to be proficient enough in providing solutions to their problems offering a flexible organizational structure. Flexibility is considered to be an important factor for the success of any organization. Employees or workers should be given enough flexibility to work according to their own ways and convenience in order to be productive ensuring the superiority of the end products.This paper highlights that  an easy and less complex policy would remove the barriers among the workers and the executives and would facilitate smooth communication. Communication is quite important in organizations so that the problems can be communicated to the concerne d person and measures can be immediately taken to find a solution without largely hampering the manufacturing functions.  The company does not have any special policies or perks for the executives which promotes a sense of equality among the employees and in turn encourages a sense of responsibility in them.  The company handed over the control of management to various teams which facilitate them with the right to take decisions when necessary. This ensures a smooth flow of work, as employees need not wait for others to take decisions and then having to act accordingly. This triggers in them a sense of responsibility to perform better (Willcoxson, 2011). Another important factor is that employees are entitled to profit sharing as well as stock options based on individual as well as team performance (McGee & Et. Al., 2006). Employees are influenced to bring forward innovative ideas by the management which would enhance their productivity. The company constantly invests on trainin g as well as educating the employees to make certain effectual contributions towards business performance. The responsibilities given to the employees are also considered as significant factor. They include pay cuts and penalties in case of absenteeism which instill a sense of responsibility, the workers related to production needs to provide assurance regarding the quality of individual piece produced by them or else no payment is made against it and finally there are only few supervisors owing to which team work is promoted without any detailed supervision. Thus, the above mentioned factors can be considered as the major contributing factors for the company’s superior performance (Lussier, 2008). Understanding of the Factors Responsible for High Performance The high performance of Lincoln Electric is reliant on many external as well as internal factors. Flexibility, communication, incentive structure, policies, sense of equality and responsibility are the most important contributing

Poverty Elimination by NGOs

Poverty Elimination by NGOs Assessing NGOs performance in poverty reduction is a difficult task. However, it is worth learning from other observations conducted on NGO performance in alleviating poverty NGOs have increased the scale on the type of roles they play. In this contemporary time, NGOs are tremendously working, and helping government, institutions, and the rural poor in the fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan African, which was their traditional role during the World Wars. Although NGOs are appraised for their tremendous work, other scholars have opined that they do not see their essence due to the fact that many have fallen below expectations. In this Chapter, however, researchers task is to review the literature of other scholarly works as it relate to NGOs roles in poverty alleviation. Desai (2005) has mentioned that NGOs have an important role to play in supporting women, men and households, community groups, civil society groups and expected that they can meet the welfare. She accounted some role and functions for NGOs, such as counseling and support service, awareness raising and advocacy, legal aid and microfinance. These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally become empowered and self-reliance. I agree with the author, because if a project like microfinance is enforced, the living standard of people will be improved. This evidence will be seen in the next chapter. Strom quits (2002) has also noted three major functions for NGOs such as (service delivery (e.g. relief, welfare, basic skills); educational provision (e.g. basic skills and often critical analysis of social environments); and public policy advocacy as this is the case with NGOs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baccaro (2001), in his writing depicted how particular NGOs with a definite mission statements can promote the organization and empowerment of the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-raising, training for group members which is capacity building and other social services, with an aim to reduce poverty among societies. NGOs general aim is to alleviate poverty through activities that promote capacity building and self-reliance. Langran (2002) has mentioned that NGOs through capacity building help to sustain community development assist government in the provision of basic social amenities. NGOs are often created in order to expand the capacities of people and government there by breaching the gap of poverty (Korten 1990). NGOs are praised for promoting community self-reliance and empowerment through supporting community-based groups and relying on participatory processes (Korten 1990; Clark 1991; Friedmann 1992; Fowler 1993; Edwards and Hulme 1994; Salamon 1994).In Sub-Saharan Africa for instance where survival for daily bread is a major hurdle, NGOs have been seen as liberators of human suffering the evidence is in Sierra Leone were sixty percent of citizens survival dependent upon donors. Sustainable development, on the other hand, has emerged over the past few decades as an important paradigm for poverty alleviation. As Bradshaw and Winn (2000) have noted, sustainability is rooted largely in an environmental approach, particularly in the industrialized countries. But, the goal of sustainable development is to find a balance between three pillars social, economic and environmental of communities (Sneddon 2000). Hibbard and Tang (2004) in their study in Vietnam have noted the importance of NGOs roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was that NGOs balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting sustainable development. Another important role of NGO that they discovered was decentralization of the central government which helps the local communities to acquire more power in order to make their own decisions. As in the case of Sierra Leone where civil society groups and other NGOs like MERLIN, Caritas and CRS, have succeeded in winning bills for decentralization in the Health ministry. But, sometimes the local communities lack specialists to do professional work and resources that are important for the particular projects. In this situation, NGO assists local staff with drafting sustainable development plans that are functional under the umbrella of a central government policy. Finally, they concluded that poverty alleviation is process-oriented, and it requires extensive community participation and relies on network to share resources, knowledge and expertise. From the literatures, it could be summarized that NGOs play an important function in fighting poverty via promoting sustainable community development. Sustainable community development emphasizes on a balance between environmental concerns and development objectives, while simultaneously enhancing local social relationships. Sustainable communities meet the economic needs of their residents, enhance and protect the environment, and promote more human local societies (Bridger and Luloff 1997). Through the functions of providing microfinance, initiating capacity building and self -reliance, peace building projects, relief services during emergencies, NGOs could bridge the gap of poverty in Sub-Saharan African. Below are the reviews of NGOs roles, functions and strategies they used to fight poverty. 2.1- NGOs MICROFINANCE ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Microfinance is another important sector that NGOs have fully ultilised in reaching out to the poor. Their roles in this sector, has immensely contributed to alleviating poverty among the poor. The purpose of using microfinance to alleviate poverty is as a result of what role microfinance can play and what impact it created on the beneficiaries. Microfinance has a very important role to play in development according to proponents of microfinance. In the 1990s, scholars have increasingly referred to microfinance as an effective means of poverty reduction (Rekha 1995; Cerven and Ghazanfar 1999; Pankhurst and Johnston 1999). The microfinance has long existed in Africa, but saw it decline when government established banking institutions took over Oxaal and Baden (1997). The World Bank found, in 1998, that the poorest 48% of Bangladeshi families with access to microcredit from Grameen Bank rose above the poverty line. In Peoples Republic of China (PRC), for instance, microfinance programs have helped lift 150 million people out of poverty since 1990 (UNHDR, 2005). Similarly in, in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Liberia, MkNelly and Dunford (1998) Mansaray (1998-99), found that microcredit beneficiaries increased their income by $36, compared with $18 for nonclients. Clients of microfinance generally shifted from irregular, low-paid daily jobs to more secured employment in India (Simanowitz, 2003) and Bangladesh (Zaman, 2000). Otero (1999, p.10) illustrates the various ways in which microfinance, at its core combats poverty. She states that microfinance creates access to productive capital for the poor, which together with human capital, addressed through education and training, and social capital, achieved through local organization building, enables people to move out of poverty (1999). By providing material capital to a poor person, their sense of dignity is strengthened and this can help to empower the person to participate in the economy and society (Otero, 1999). The aim of microfinance according to Otero (1999) is not just about providing capital to the poor to combat poverty on an individual level, it also has a role at an institutional level. It seeks to create institutions that deliver financial services to the poor, who are continuously ignored by the formal banking sector. Mayoux (2000) and Cheston and Khan (2002) have pointed out the importance of microfinance in empowerment, particularly women empowerment. Microfinance is defined as efforts to improve the access to loans and to saving services for poor people (Shreiner2001). UNCDF (2001) states that studies have shown that microfinance plays key roles in development. It is currently being promoted as a key development strategy for promoting poverty eradication and economic empowerment. It has the potential to effectively address material poverty, the physical deprivation of goods and services and the income to attain them by granting financial services to households who are not supported by the formal banking sector (Sheraton 2004). Microcredit programs provide small loans and savings opportunities to those who have traditionally been excluded from commercial financial services. As a development inclusion strategy, adopted by NGOs through the provision of funds to both locally established groups and government and private institutions, microfinance programs emphasize womens economic contribution as a way to increase overall financial efficiency within national economies. This is because in Sub-Saharan Africa, as whole women are said to be bread winners and care takers of their families. It should be noted that women are always at mercy regarding social misshapes .According to Cheston and Khan (2002), one of the most popular forms of economic empowerment for women is microfinance, which provides credit for poor women who are usually excluded from formal credit institutions. This issue of gender discrimination in the microfinance sector have been researched and debated by donor agencies, NGOs, feminists, and activists (Johnson and Rogaly 1997; Razavi 1997; Kabeer 1999; Mayoux 2001; Mahmud 2003). However, underneath these shared concerns lie three fundamentally different approaches to microfinance: financial sustainability, feminist empowerment, and poverty alleviation. All three microfinance approaches have different goals coupled with varied perspectives on how to incorporate gender into microfinance policy and programs (Mayoux 2000). The microfinance empowers women by putting capital in their hands and allowing them to earn an independent income and contribute financially to their households and communities. This economic empowerment is expected to generate increased self-esteem, respect, and other forms of empowerment for women beneficiaries. Some evidence show that microfinance would empower women in some domains such as increased participation in decision making, more equitable status of women in the family and community, increased political power and rights, and increased self-esteem (Cheston and Kuhn 2002). Well-being as an output of microfinance not only covers the economic indicators, but also other indicators such as community education, environment, recreation and accessibility to social services. It is related to the quality of life (Asnarulkhadi 2002). In order to gain economic sustainability, NGOs through microfinance help the communities to reduce poverty, create jobs, and promote income generation. In the developing countries, sustainability is linked more closely to issues of poverty and the gross inequalities of power and resources (Hamnett and Hassan 2003). This is due to the fact that in the Third World countries like sub-Saharan Africa, the ecological system, climate, sometimes conflicts with the socio-economic needs of local people who depend on a local ecosystem for their survival (Nygren 2000). In contrast, in the developed countries, as Bradshaw and Winn (2000) have noted, more priority is given on environmental aspect of sustainable development. Despite the importance attached to microfinance as an effective tool for poverty alleviation, yet it cannot be over ruled that this sector do have many problems. This has even led some scholars to doubt it usefulness, there by suggesting that NGOs still need to do more to reach out to the poor. Littlefield, Murduch and Hashemi (2003), Simanowitz and Brody (2004) and the IMF (2005) have commented on the critical role of microfinance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Simanowitz and Brody (2004, p.1) state, Microfinance is a key strategy in reaching the MDGs and in building global financial systems that meet the needs of the most poor people. Littlefield, Murduch and Hashemi (2003) state microfinance is a critical contextual factor with strong impact on the achievements of the MDGsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦microfinance is unique among development interventions: it can deliver social benefits on an ongoing, permanent basis and on a large scale. Referring to various case studies, they show how microfinance has played a role in eradicating poverty, promoting education, improving health and empowering women (2003). However, other scholars are not enthusiastic about the role of microfinance in development because of it lapses, and it is important to realize that microfinance is not a all done strategy when it comes to fighting poverty. Hulme and Mosley (1996), while acknowledging the role microfinance can have in helping to reduce poverty, concluded from their research on microfinance that most contemporary schemes are less effective than they might be (1996, p.134). They state that microfinance is not a total solution for poverty-alleviation and that in some cases the poorest people have been made worse-off by microfinance. Wright (2000,p.6) states that much of the skepticism of MFIs stems from the argument that microfinance projects fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦drive women into greater dependence on their husbands and fail to provide additional services desperately needed by the poor. In addition, Wright says that many development practitioners not only find microfinance inadequate, but that it actually diverts funding from more pressing or important interventions such as health and education (2000, p.6). As argued by Navajas et al (2000), there is a danger that microfinance may siphon funds from other projects that might help the poor more. They state that governments and donors should know whether the poor gain more from microfinance, than from more health care or food aid for example. Therefore, there is a need for all involved in microfinance and development to ascertain what exactly has been the impact of microfinance in combating poverty. Considerable debate remains about the effectiveness of microfinance as a tool for directly reducing poverty, and about the characteristics of the people it benefits (Chowdhury, Mosley and Simanowitz, 2004). Sinha (1998) argues that it is notoriously difficult to measure the impact of microfinance programmes on poverty. 2.2. NGOs CAPACITY BUILDING ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Capacity building is another NGOs strategy and role that helps to bridge a gap between the haves and have not in society. Capacity building is an approach to development that builds independence. It can be: A means to an end, where the purpose is for others to take on programs. Is a process, where the capacity building strategies are routinely incorporated as an important element of effective practice (NSW Health 2001). Langran (2002) has defined capacity building as the ability of one group (NGOs) to strengthen the development abilities of another group (local communities) through education, skill training and organizational support. Capacity building is a strategy used to develop not a set of pre-determined activities. There is no single way to the build capacity of an individual or groups of individuals. Although experience tells us that there is a need to work across the key action areas, practitioners approach each situation separately to identify pre-existing capacities and develop strategies particular to a program or organization, in its time and place. Before beginning to build capacity within programs, practitioners need to identify pre-existing capacities such as skills, structures, partnerships and resources. Frankish (2003) has counted a number of dimensions for community capacity including financial capacity (resources, opportunities and knowledge), human resources (skills, motivations, confidence, and relational abilities and trust) and social resources (networks, participation structures, shared trust and bonding). UNDP (1997-2009) has introduced capacity building as the process by which individuals, groups, and organizations increase their abilities to first, perform core functions, solve problems, define and achieve objectives; and second, understand and deal with their development needs in a broad context and in a sustainable manner. NGOs, through the provision of education, skills and knowledge, develop the capacity of community towards achieving sustainable development. In fact, NGOs act as a capacity builder to help the communities to develop the resources, building awareness, motivating to participation in project and finally improving the quality of communitys lives. Inger Ulleberg (2009) has supported the view that NGOs play important role through the provision of skills for the rural poor. He has maintained that through capacity building, NGOs have been able to reach the poor, and has contributed to the development of the beneficiaries through skills training, the given of technical advice, exchange of experiences, research and policy advice which is key to todays development. Through the case study of Afghanistan NGOs, it suggested that these areas of interest have yielded fruit for the intended beneficiaries. The activities have usually strengthened the skills of individuals, as it was intended but have not always succeeded in improving the effectiveness of the ministries and other organizations where those individuals are working. This according to Kpaka (2007) considered it as a failure on the part of the implementers because of improper allocation of stratetigies and argues that they failed because of poor planning and poor implementation strategy. 2.3.NGOs ROLES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Self-reliance is another strategy that affects sustainable community development. Effective community development sits on the foundation of self-reliance. The concept of self-reliance is strategically situated within the essence of community development and is related to other concepts like mutual-help, self-help, participation of the indigenous people and rural progress. Self-reliance encourages the necessity for people to use local initiatives, their abilities and their own possessions to improve their condition. Fonchingong and Fonjong (2002) have pointed out that self-reliance is increasingly being adopted as modus operandi for community development. Therefore, to attain self-reliance, NGOs and community groups must discover their own potential and look for ways to innovatively develop such discovered potential to use as sources of wealth for the development of the community (Ife and Tesoriero 2006). Motivating and mobilizing people to be self-reliant and to participate in development activities become an important objective of the NGOs. According to Kelly (1992), self-reliance means that the people rely on their own resources and are independent of funds sourced outside the community. Self-reliant strategy relies on the willingness and ability of the local people to depend on their own available resources and technology which they can control and manage. A self-reliant strategy requires the optional use of all available human, natural and technological resources (Agere 1982). Although dependence on the state maybe desirable in the short term, it should not be a long term objective, because the aim of the community development must ultimately be self-reliance. Mansaray (1982) has maintained that reliance on external resources will lead to the loss of autonomy and independence of the community, therefore communities should be bound to carry out autonomous programmes. This according to him, autonomous communities can flourish only in the absence of such external dependency. According to Korten (1990), the second strategy of the NGOs focuses on developing the capacities of the people to better meet their own needs through self-reliant local action. In the second generation strategy, Korten (1990) mentioned that the local inertia is the heart of problem in a village or community. There is a potential energy in a community but remains inactive because of the inertia of tradition, isolation and lack of education. But this unwillingness on the part of the local beneficiaries can be broken through the intervention of an outside change agent, who supposedly are to be NGOs, whose role is to who help the community realize its potentials through education, organization, consciousness raising, small loans and the introduction of simple new technologies. It is the stress on local self-reliance, with the intent that benefits will be sustained by community self-help action beyond the period of NGO assistance (Korten 1990). Therefore, NGOs, through the strategy of self-reliance, has facilitated sustainable development of the community through its participation in the community actives, project sponsorship, monitoring and evaluation processes. 2.4. NGOS PEACE BUILDING ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION NGOs roles are extended to peace building in Africa. The crucial role played by NGOs in the restoration of peace in war affected zones, is one seen as important. Many African countries have witnessed war and are still going through the trauma of war. Countries like Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Somalia and many are witnesses of NGOs intervention in peace building. From the evidence of the current conflict in Afghanistan, Richard Barajas, Rachel Howard, Andrew Miner Jeff Sartin, Karina Silver (2000), have maintained that NGOs can play peace building roles. The presence of NGOs in Afghanistan according to them have led to the restoration of fair peace as their propagation of the human rights law, and their involvement in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes, is fostering cooperation among the warlords. I am in total agreement with them. The role of Peace Wing in Sierra Leone, for instance, justify the effectiveness of peace building NGOs through their organizat ional strategies which was able to bring the rebels out of the bush and negotiating between the government and war factions to negotiate a peace talk rather using guns and bullets to cease war. 2.5. NGOs HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE/RELIEF SERVICES ROLES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION The provision of food and non-food items during emergency periods and war time and other disasters periods, often see NGOs functions as important one. The provision of these items is short run but very significance in alleviating poverty. According to Kpaka (2007), humanitarian assistance is a fastest means to fight poverty and ensure sustainability in todays society. During emergency period, governments are unable to settle their displaced and refugee population, because of inadequacies of resources. As a result of the shortcoming of the government, the issue of NGOs influx into a country becomes unquestionable Kpaka (2007). Conflict and other disasters that occurred in society always left a strong poverty bench mark. During these conflicting periods, lives, properties, and physical infrastructures, diseases, and other hazardous issues are left as strong legacy in our society. To remedy these legacies, Humanitarian NGOs have different strategies to implement their relief programmes. Generally, the roles of NGOs are still debatable as many sees their roles as positive and others sees these roles as not proper. It has been noted that, NGO contributions in poverty reduction are limited. Edwards Hulme (1995:6) stated that it is difficult to find general evidence that NGOs are close to the poor. There is growing evidence that in terms of poverty reduction, NGOs do not perform as effectively as had been usually assumed by many agencies. More specific evidence is provided by Riddell and Robinson (1995) who conducted a case study on sixteen NGOs undertaken in four countries in Asia and Africa. They found that while NGO projects reach the poor people, they tend not to reach down to the very poorest. NGO projects also tend to be small scale. The total numbers assisted are also small. Furthermore, it is also rare for NGO projects to be financially self sufficient. Finally, although NGOs execute a number of very imaginative projects, many of them appear to be unwilling to innovate in certain areas or activities. Therefore, because of these limitations, the roles of NGOs in alleviating poverty cannot be exaggerated. 2.6. CONCLUTION The literature established the important roles played by of NGOs in the fight against poverty through micro-finance, capacity building, self-reliance, peace building, sustainable community development, and empowerment especially womens empowerment all aiming at poverty alleviation. NGOs through the micro-finance help members of community to access jobs, income-generation and improve economic situation there by alleviating poverty from the poor. And then they would become empowered economically. NGOs developed the capacities of community such as skills, abilities, knowledge, assets and motivates the community to participate in the project to improve the quality of their lives. NGOs act as capacity builders that help the community to achieve the empowerment particularly individual empowerment. Since the philosophy of community development is independent from any outside agents, thus the community must rely on their own resources. NGOs do assist the community to discover their potentials and also mobilize community to be self-reliant. Therefore, the final outcome of community development is the independence of the community from external agents in formulating its agenda and managing its affairs. This process involves capacity building, where people get involved in human capital training, transferring of authority from donor to recipient and receive supports from stakeholders (World Bank group 1999). When people become fully empowered, they are able to contribute toward sustainable development (Lyons et al. 2001). Therefore, NGOs through some programs and functions, such as microfinance, capacity building and self-reliance help community to be empowered, and finally contribute towards sustainable community development. However, though many dont see a need for NGOs in the fight against poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa, I strongly believed that presence in black Africa is importance. Their strategies and approaches they use to fight this disease is one that should not be neglected. Having looked into all the literature NGOs, in the next chapter, researcher will be discussing the strategies adopted by some NGOs in the fight against poverty.

Augustine Vs. Aquinas Essay

Saint Augustine of Hippo, as he is most commonly referred, of the early fifth century and Saint Thomas Aquinas, of the thirteenth century, are considerably well-known for their philosophical and theological discoveries. Even though both are famous for venturing to integrate Christianity with their philosophical thoughts, they took completely different paths in doing so. Aquinas took an Aristotelian path, being a strong follower of Aristotle while Augustine, took a Platonic path, considering Plotinus as his mentor. Both delved deeply into the concept of ethics dichotomy, the human nature, and the human’s ability to know, and to do, the good. Christianity does hold true to the fact life after death exists. (Bray, 2003). Augustine’s view on the nature of the human beings states that each individual is â€Å"trapped by sin in immorality and untruth† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 39). A human being cannot access that after-life unless they devote themselves fully to G od. It is only through the process of â€Å"illumination† and â€Å"divine assistance† that an individual can be truly fulfilled as a human being. Basically, only through the love of God can one reach to the ultimate truth about themselves and learn to see and do the good. â€Å"Divine assistance is necessary to rid us of vice, turn our hearts towards God and enable us to acquire virtue† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 42). He believed that the man’s â€Å"corrupted desire’s† to knowledge stemmed from the Garden of Eden, where man’s thirst to be â€Å"like God† led to feeling pride and then led to the fall of that individual. When an individual stirs their attention away from the realm of God is when they get plundered by temptations such as pride, power, wealth, fame, and even human love. He believed that an individual remains disordered if he places his temptations above the love of the God. â€Å"Wherever the human soul turns itself, other than to you, it is fixed in sorrows, even if it is fixed upon beautiful things external to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  (Vaught, 2005). As a result of these disorderly desires, or â€Å"cupidity† as he called it, Augustine came to reject a â€Å"man’s desire for common knowledge† concluding that such desire drives an individual away from God. This was a complete opposite the Aristotelian belief that â€Å"all men by nature desire to know† (Aristotle, 1966). He believed that these temptations blind an individual’s ability to know and to do the good. In simple terms, â€Å"that which was spiritual was good and that which was â€Å"of the flesh† was evil† (Campolo, 2007). As an alternative, Augustine emphasized on divine illumination, conversion and faith, which were the true means of happiness and salvation. (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 40). It is important fathom that Augustine was against spe cifically to the type of knowledge that enticed the â€Å"lusts of the eyes.† In compliance with the views of Plotinus, Augustine maintained that it is through God that an individual inherits true knowledge. It is imperative for the human being to become reasonable and use that knowledge in limits. It is the only method that can help them disregard the temptations and strengthen their mind for divine illumination. In his book, Confessions, Augustine states that â€Å"If we love God first, we will love the right things in the right way, our loves will be properly ordered, and we will find fulfillment† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 41). Aquinas on the other hand, believed that human goodness depends on the actions performed by an individual that are in agreement with our human nature, which also defines the morality of an individual. He further explains that an individual consists of a specific cognitive power, which is the â€Å"intellect† that enables us to fully comprehend the goodness of a thing. Human action’s are always in pursuit of human fulfillment, which Aquinas believes, is happiness, even though those actions may not always be right. â€Å"We desire what fulfills us as human beings although we might be wrong about what fulfills us. The right understanding of and orientation towards human fulfillment is the foundation of morality† (Crook & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 45). Similar to Augustine’s temptations, Aquinas refers to â€Å"external goods† such as wealth, honor, fame, glory, and power and states that these are easily secured by evil individuals. â€Å"These cannot be th e highest good because fulfillment is incompatible with evil and wicked people can secure any of these goods† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 45). â€Å"Internal goods† such as relationships, morals, and knowledge have the capability of providing  fulfillment since such goods are infinite. Hence, Only God can completely satisfy such desires. Moreover, it is only God alone that is sufficient for human fulfillment. Like Augustine, Aquinas believed that without a divine assistance, an individual is â€Å"morally incapable† to reach God since each person is in â€Å"bondance to sin.† Without divine assistance, no one can achieve happiness nor can get a vision of God. â€Å"So we must know God in order to be happy but we, by our natural powers cannot know God. The hope for attainment of fulfillment lies not in our natural capacities but must lie in supernatural grace to heal us and direct us toward God† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 46). It is really hard to determine which philosopher I would agree with the most. Even though both took different routes in explaining their philosophies, their ultimate goal was to explain human fulfillment, which they further explained can only be attained by means of God. Even though each individual desires for knowledge, both philosophers, in one way and the other, theorized that â€Å"God is superior to any concept that we humans could understand or apply† (Clark & Poortenga, 2003, Pg. 39). God is the main origin of all happiness, intelligence and knowledge that exists in a human being. I would agree more with Aquinas’s view that a man’s natural desire for knowledge is the main supply to fully understand God and his capabilities. All in all, both medieval philosophers cultivated their beliefs significantly influenced by Christianity even though they both satisfied their ideals by approaching them in completely different ways. Aquinas followed the footsteps of Aristotle whereas Augustine’s views relied upon the influences set forth by Platonius. Sovereignty of the ancient philosophers can clearly been seen in the works of both Augustine and Aquinas, whether it was human nature or the ability of the human knowledge to know and to do the good. Despite multiple differences in theory and the paths taken to explain their theories, it must be taken into consideration that God was the ultimate concept the two philosophers were in agreement with. References Aristotle. 1966. Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Grinnell, Iowa: The Peripatetic Press. Bray, G. (2003). AUGUSTINE’S KEY. Christian History, 22(4), 42. Clark, K. J., & Poortenga, A. (2003). The story of ethics: Fulfilling our human nature. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Campolo, T. (2007). How Jewish was Jesus? Tikkun, 22(6), 26-28. Vaught, C. G. (2005). Access to God in Augustine’s Confessions: Books X-XIII. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.

Stella Artois

Stella Artois was a beer brand who in 2006 received a reputation to being known as â€Å"a wife beater brand† due to domestic violence cases involving the brand. To turn this perception around the company begin emphasizing the history and values of the Artois brewery. To help with communication they created an online experience for the consumer, with short films, interactive film and gaming as well as 3D gaming. This allows the visitors to be introduced to the origins and heritage of Stella Artois and help erase the negative associations. What are the communication benefits of building a â€Å"brand narrative† in the way Stella Artois has? Do you think this is the best way to improve dialogue with the target audience?There are many communication benefits of building a ‘brand narrative’ in the way Stella Artois has. In this day and age consumers have become more engaged and are much more in control of receiving and interpreting brand messages. As a result co mpanies must be able to grow and adapt to their target audience, and Stella Artois decided to do just that. Individual Brand CongruityWhen Stella Artois decided to reimage their brand to get out of the negative perception of being the beer of ‘wife beaters’ they decided to go back to the basics. They decide to â€Å"distance the brand from its ‘lager lout’ image and shifting people’s perceptions of premium quality.† (Smith, 2010) The company decide to go back to its roots, by branding the origin of the Artois brewery which was established in 1366. They also used a feminine aspect to branch away from the rough masculine wife beater persona with the Artois-branded ‘feminine’ stemmed chalice glasses. Individual brand congruity is when â€Å"essence and core value of the brand resonate with the memories and emotional connections of the audience† (Smith, 2010) and with the brand narrative of the Artois Heritage the company estab lished just  that.To effective communicate to consumers, how the message is carried is really important. â€Å"Mediascape is the array of channels available which will carry the message† (Smith, 2010) Stella Artois utilized online resources by putting their site as the Centre of marketing communication. They created an online experience including a short film movie name La Bouteille to a 3D interactive experience Le Dà ©fi where â€Å"players challenge their friends to rescue a fresh-poured goblet of Stella Artois by engaging in a number of complex puzzles.† (Smith, 2010) Their method of communication gave them a global audience and engage their target audience with the impact of technology. Improve DialogueI believe that Stella Artois utilized the best way that they can to improve the dialogue with their target audience. One way that they used was with going back to their roots showing the heritage of the brewery. Artois relaunch of its products under the ‘la famille Artois’ helped enhance and promote the quality of the product. And with the feminine touch twist with the chalice glasses and the classy point-of-sale materials it promotes a premium product and discourages the audience of heavy drinkers and young males. Another tool used that was the best way to improve the dialogue was with their website promotions.With the constant change of technology consumers have access to multiple lines of products available as well as information anytime and anywhere. And using the technology reflecting the brewery gets the consumers engaged and allows them to interact with the company. For Stella Artois to launch a global, through the line campaign driving traffic to an international website I believe was the best way to improve the dialogue and find more of their target audience.